The industry's defence against data poisoning was arithmetic: an attacker needs a percentage of the corpus, and a percentage of 260 billion tokens is unobtainable. In October 2025 the largest poisoning study ever run showed the r…
In 2014 a perturbation the size of one 8-bit colour step turned a 57.7 percent panda into a 99.3 percent gibbon. Twelve years, 300 million synthetic training images and more than 10^21 training FLOPs later, the best CIFAR-10 mode…
Before MCP, connecting five agents to twenty tools meant writing a hundred bespoke adapters. A protocol turns that multiplication into an addition, and the math is the whole story.
In October 2025 The Washington Post uploaded an AI-generated video carrying signed Content Credentials to eight social platforms, and not one kept the credential. Watermarks survive that trip but not a determined paraphrase, and …
A guardrail is a classifier sandwich wrapped around your model, and every layer you add buys coverage with latency and false refusals. Here is how the layer actually works, what it costs, and where it breaks.
Two hundred dollars of API calls pulled more than ten thousand verbatim training examples out of ChatGPT. Memorisation is not a defect that better engineering removes; it scales log-linearly with everything the field is scaling. …