Term Kind Topic What it is
Correlated Failure Common-Mode Failure, Shared Fate concept Redundancy Failures that are not independent, so redundancy multiplies far less than the arithmetic promises - usually because replicas share code, configuration or a deployment.
N+1 and 2N Redundancy pattern Redundancy Provisioning one spare beyond required capacity versus provisioning double, and the failure assumptions each encodes.
Redundancy concept Redundancy Multiple instances of a component so that one failing does not fail the system — valuable exactly to the extent the failures are uncorrelated.
Shared-Cause Analysis What Is Shared, Redundancy Audit practice Redundancy Auditing a redundant design by asking what every replica has in common, because redundancy protects against independent failure and not against anything shared by all copies.