Term Kind Topic What it is
Big Ball of Mud concept Modularity A system with no discernible structure, where every change requires understanding everything - usually the result of many locally rational decisions.
Information Hiding concept Modularity Designing module boundaries around the decisions most likely to change, so that a change is contained within one module.
Modularity via the Modular Monolith Modulith pattern Modularity A single deployable unit with strictly enforced internal module boundaries — the default most organisations should exhaust before distributing.
Replaceability Test Swap Test, Modularity Evidence practice Modularity The evidence-based check for whether a boundary is real - not how many services exist, but whether one implementation could be swapped without touching the others, and whether it ever has been.