Term Kind Topic What it is
Google Maps and Planetary-Scale Spatial Serving case-study Performance & Capacity Map serving is fast because almost nothing is computed on request — the world is precomputed into a pyramid of tiles, and space is indexed onto a one-dimensional curve.
Twitter's Timeline Fan-Out case-study Performance & Capacity Twitter precomputes each user's timeline at write time but handles very-high-follower accounts at read time, because neither strategy alone survives both ends of the distribution.
WhatsApp's Small-Team Scale case-study Performance & Capacity WhatsApp served hundreds of millions of users with a few dozen engineers by matching one technology choice precisely to the workload and refusing to add anything else.