Layer 4 vs Layer 7

Connection-level versus request-level balancing, and what each unlocks.

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Networking

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Networking

General material on the network path underneath an architecture.

3 quiz 11 cards 13 terms

TCP/IP

Handshakes, congestion control, head-of-line blocking and connection reuse.

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HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 & HTTP/3

Multiplexing, prioritisation and the transport each is built on.

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DNS

Resolution, TTL behaviour, traffic steering and failover latency.

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TLS & Certificates

Encryption, integrity, authentication, termination points and expiry.

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Reverse Proxies

One place for TLS, routing, caching, compression and rate limiting.

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Content Delivery Networks

Edge caching, origin offload, spike absorption and dynamic content.

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Firewalls & Security Groups

Default-deny, stateful rules, and restricting egress as well as ingress.

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NAT & Egress

Outbound-only connectivity, its per-gigabyte cost and its zone binding.

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VPC Design

Address planning, peering and the ranges you can never resize.

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Subnetting

Tiering, zone binding, and sizing for an address-hungry platform.

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Routing & BGP

How traffic finds you, anycast, and route withdrawal as a failure mode.

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Service Mesh Networking

Sidecar proxies supplying mTLS, retries and traffic policy.

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WebSockets & Realtime

Persistent bidirectional connections and the capacity model they impose.

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gRPC Transport

HTTP/2 multiplexing, binary encoding and streaming semantics.

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API Gateways

The single entry point, and the business logic that must stay out of it.

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Network Performance

Latency floors, bandwidth-delay product, and what no code change fixes.

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Private Connectivity

Private endpoints, peering and dedicated links to managed services.

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Network Troubleshooting

Flow logs, packet paths, and localising a problem to a hop.

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