Term Kind Topic What it is
Clustering Decay Sort Order Drift, Layout Degradation concept Storage Layout & Partitioning The gradual loss of data-skipping as newly written files overlap the sort order of existing ones - so query cost rises month after month with no change to the query or the data volume.
Data Layout Partitioning and Clustering, File Organisation, Pruning Effectiveness concept Storage Layout & Partitioning How table data is physically organised into partitions and files, which determines how much can be skipped at query time - and is the dominant factor in analytical cost and performance, ahead of cluster size.
Partition Pruning concept Storage Layout & Partitioning The query engine skipping entire partitions whose values cannot match the filter, which is where most large-table query performance comes from.